Melanoma loss of IFN-g signaling is a major mechanism of resistance to immune checkpoint blockers such as anti-CTLA-4 and anti-PD-1, a prominent type of immunotherapies offering unprecedented therapeutic hopes to melanoma patients. However, strategies of overcoming this resistance have been elusive.

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a highly lethal disease with a rising incidence in the United States and globally. Effective strategies to prevent and treat PDAC are urgently needed. The majority of PDACs arise from pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PanIN) pre-cancerous lesions.